South Korean and Japanese Politicians Online: Comparing Political Cultures Through Political Websites Leslie M. Tkach-Kawasaki and Han Woo Park Aoir 8.0 Vancouver, Canada October 18-20, 2007

1. South Korean and Japanese Politicians Online: Comparing Political Cultures Through Political Websites Leslie M. Tkach-Kawasaki and Han Woo Park Aoir 8.0 Vancouver, Canada October 18-20, 2007

4. Theorizing website content analysis Optimists/ Pessimists Normal- ization Best Practices (Congress Online Project) Web Campaign- ing Typology Hyperlink and Network Analysis Political Culture

5. Content analysis overview Japan Tkach-Kawasaki (2006) Party & member UK Lusoli, W. & Ward, J. (2005) USA Foot & Schneider (2002) Collection of various contents and links Party & candidate Party & politician South Korea Park et al. (2004, 2005) Mainly hyperlinks USA Owen et al. (1999), Carter (1999) Collection of various contents and links Elected member USA Foot et al. (2003) Mainly hyperlinks UK Ward & Gibson (2003) USA Davis (1999), Kamarck (1999) Collection of various contents (links) Candidate Individual politician Australia Ackland & Gibson (2004) Singapore Ting & Kluver (2004) Mainly hyperlinks Singapore Kluver (2004) Japan Tkach-Kawasaki (2003) USA & UK Gibson et al. (2003) UK Gibson & Ward (1998) USA Margolis et al. (1997, 1999) Collection of various website contents including hyperlinks Party Geographical orientation Selected article(s) Research area Website type

9. Sampling: South Korea 92.6% 277 299 99.9% (100) Total 75% 3 4 1.3 % (1) Opposition Independent 100% 1 1 0.3 % (1) Opposition Kook-min 100% 3 3 1% (1) Opposition Ja-min 80% 8 10 3.3 % (3) Opposition Min-joo 100% 9 9 3 % (3) Opposition Min-no 92.1% 117 127 42.5 % (42) Opposition Han-na-ra 93.8% 136 145 48.5 % (49) Ruling Party Woo-ri Percentage of politicians with websites No. of politicians With websites Total # of seats Ratio/Sample Status Parties

10. Sampling: Japan 95.6% 459 480 100 % (100) Total 94.7% 18 19 4% (4) Opposition Independents 100% 6 6 1 .3 % (1) Opposition Other minor parties 100% 7 7 1 .5 % (1) Opposition Social Democratic Party (SDP) 100% 9 9 1.9 % (2) Opposition Japanese Communist Party (JCP) 96.8% 30 31 6 .5 % (6) Ruling Coalition Member New Komeito (Clean Government Party) (CGP) 100% 112 112 23 .3 % (23) Opposition Democratic Party of Japan and Club of Independents (DPJ) 93.6% 277 296 6 1.7 % (63) Ruling Party Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Percentage of politicians with websites # of politicians with websites Total # of seats Ratio Status Parties

12. Background information (SK)

13. Photograph/graphic (Japan)

14. Image, link to party, assembly bldgs . (SK)

15. Photograph album/collection (J)

16. Issue position/statements (SK)

17. Endorsements (SK)

18. Recent policy documents (SK)

19. Newspaper Clippings (J) (Nagashima Akihisa)

20. Activity reports (J) (Hajiuda Koichi)

21. Activity (voting record) (SK)

23. Join politician’s organization (SK)

24. Join political party (J)

25. Obtaining e-paraphernalia (SK)

26. Volunteer/Internship (J) (Seki Yoshihiro)

28. Link and banner to peer politicians (SK)

29. Link to central government (SK)

30. Link to own political party (J) (Hirasawa Katsuei)

31. Link cell phone website (J) (Nishimura Shingo)

32. Link NGOs/civil society groups (J) (Maruya Kaori)

33. General Public/Other (Lee Seung Kwon) (Kono Taro)

34. Results (1): Political information * = sig. p <0.01 32* 93* 21 89* 32* 82* 67* 16* 75 98* 87* 86 100 South Korean politicians (N=100) 13* 69* 27 24* 0* 12* 15* 0* 75 40* 33* 87 93 Japanese politicians (N=100) Privacy or terms of use policies Activity reports Information about publications such as books Newspaper clippings about the politician Policy documents issued within the past month Calendar/List of events Endorsements Issue comparison with other politicians General position on issues Photo collection or album Party logo Portrait/image/photograph of politician Background information Information-provision feature present on site

35. Results (2): Communications * = sig. p <0.01 20 14 Volunteer or internship opportunities 0 7 Obtain e-paraphernalia 0 9 Send links 2* 59* Distribute political materials offline 17* 99* Participate in an online forum/communications space 23* 75* Get e-mail from the site 11* 93* Donate 8 5 Join politician’s political party 34* 20* Join politician’s organization Japanese politicians (N=100) South Korean politicians (N=100) Communications-oriented features

36. Results (3a): Linking * = sig. p <0.01 4 11 Parliamentary committees 37* 67* National assemblies 3 11 Election-related government bodies 3 8 Local assemblies 44 60 Local governments 38 52 Central government 0 0 Other politicians in a different party (national level) 0 0 Other politicians in a different party (national level) 12* 0* Other politicians in the same party (local level) 18* 3* Other politicians in the same party (national level) 4 4 Other political parties 70* 89* Own political party Japanese politicians (N=100) South Korean politicians (N=100) Linking strategies

37. Results (3b): Linking * = sig. p <0.01 28 43 Other 20* 3* General public 7 4 International bodies 20* 57* Blogs 15* 2* Wireless sites 23 37 Civic & advocacy groups 1 9 Internet newspapers 7 9 Newspapers 27* 0* Internet broadcast er s 6 3 Broadcast er s Japanese politicians (N=100) South Korean politicians (N=100) Linking strategies

39. Minimalist top page (Japan) (Ohshima Atsuji)